2022年7月29-30日，由中國民主運動海外聯席會議主辦、中國民主黨全國委員會協辦的《民主中國的國防政策和軍隊轉型》研討會在美國首都華盛頓召開，來自美中近30名專家學者就相關議題提出了很多寶貴的意見和建議，為此我們將這些意見進行了系統歸納。現將基本條款提交給關心中國民主的仁人志士，以求更進一步的充實和完善。
1、民主中國未來的國體為總統制聯邦共和國；實行立法、行政、司法三權分立。中國是一個多民族的大國，地區間、文化間差異較大，鼓勵各民族、地區的獨立和實行中央集權制同樣都不利於國家和社會的穩定和發展，最佳的選擇是按美國的模式實行聯邦制，各省自治，既維護了統一，又使得地方有相當高的自治權。
2、民主中國的民選總統為軍隊總司令。國防部為軍事管理部門和對外聯絡機關。國會設軍事委員會，負責軍事立法、經費的預算和發放，監督軍隊建設和軍事行動。空降軍由總參謀部直接管轄和指揮。在國防部和國會設立軍事情報機構。
3、民主中國的國防政策：維護國家主權和領土完整，抵禦外來侵略，聯合民主國家陣營維護世界和平為其三大基本政策。民主中國的軍隊在政治上保持中立，服從於民選政府。軍隊不得參與政治，軍人不得參加黨派。
4、民主中國的武裝力量構成為現役與預備役相結合，義務兵役制與職業軍人制度相結合。撤銷武裝警察部隊，撤銷省軍區，軍分區、縣級武裝部。聯邦政府、省、市成立國防動員機構，負責預備役管理、訓練和兵員征召，等等。撒銷的武警由各省壓縮規模，成立國民自衛隊，平時擔負本地區的反恐、救災、維護社會治安等工作，戰時聽令聯邦政府的征召，投入軍事行動。
5、軍隊編成：
設立東部、南部、西部、北部四個軍區。設立陸、海、空、太空和戰略火箭司令部。
設立特種作戰司令部，含特戰、心戰、網絡、電子戰等。
陸軍編成10個集團軍，一律駐防邊境。南部和東部各兩個集團軍，西部和北部各三個集團軍。東、南方向的海軍陸戰隊可以分擔一定的防務任務。只有特種作戰司令部和空降兵可以駐紮在內地。
海軍由北、東、南三個艦隊和航空兵部組成，海軍設水面艦艇、潛艇、陸戰隊、航空兵四個兵種。
空軍維持現有架構，以旅為單位分駐各軍區。
將太空部隊編入戰略火箭軍。
6、軍事院校（略）
7、對解放軍的調整與改編：
取消政治機關，取消政工幹部，在營級單位增設心理疏導官。
設立兵員管理委員會，按民主政府和國會確定的規劃落實軍隊的體制編制。
設立生、化、核武器管理委員會，由總統附設機構集中管理。
設立軍隊資產管理委員會。
成立武器裝備管理委員會，統一管理軍隊調整後多餘的武器裝備。
8、民主中國軍隊的名稱：中國國防軍。
9、兵役制：
義務兵與志願兵相結合，義務兵2年，期滿後根據部隊的需要和本人的自願轉為職業軍人。
10、實行軍銜制
國防部長為文職，現役軍官實行軍銜制，共10階，一級上將、上將、中將、少將、上校、中校、少校、上尉、中尉、少尉。
11、配合國會制定和執行退役軍人的保障立法
軍人退役後，在生活和醫療待遇上給予優惠照顧，並嚴格依法執行。
12、軍隊規模：
現役部隊總人數維持在130萬左右。其中陸軍60萬；海空軍各25萬；太空戰略火箭軍、各級指揮機構共約20萬。
以上只是初步的架構與設想，是推動民主化過程中及民主制度建立初期的一種應急措施，民主制度建立後，待國防與軍隊建設相關法律完善後，按司法程序和內容進一步修訂和完善。
Minutes of Symposium on Defense Policy and Military Transformation in a Democratic China
On July 29-30, 2022, Symposium on Defense Policy and Military Transformation in a Democratic China, organized by the Overseas Chinese Democracy Coalition and co-sponsored by the National Committee of the China Democracy Party, was held in Washington DC, the capital of the United States. Nearly 30 experts and scholars from the United States and China attended the symposium and shared many valuable opinions and suggestions on relevant topics. These opinions have been systematically summarized and consolidated. The basic tenets are hereby presented to those who care about democracy in China and are seeking further enrichment and improvements.
1. The future state of a democratic China shall be a presidential federal republic with a separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers. China is a large country with multiple ethnicities and great differences between regions and cultures. Neither encouraging independence of ethnic groups and regions nor implementing a centralized system will be beneficial to stability and development of the country and the society. The best choice is to adopt the model of the United States by implementing a federal system with provincial autonomy. This will maintain the unity of the country while allowing local governments to enjoy a high degree of autonomy.
2. The democratically elected president of a democratic China shall be the commander-in-chief of its armed forces. A Ministry of National Defense shall be the administrative organ and foreign liaison agency of the military. The nation’s Congress shall establish a military committee, responsible for defense legislation, budgeting and disbursement of funds, and overseeing the building of the armed forces and military operations. An airborne force shall be under direct jurisdiction and command of the General Staff of the armed forces. Military intelligence agencies shall be established under the Ministry of National Defense and the Congress.
3. The fundamental objectives of democratic China’s national defense shall be to safeguard the nation’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, to repel foreign aggressions, and to ally with other democratic countries in maintaining world peace. The armed forces of democratic China shall be politically neutral and shall subordinate to the democratically elected national government. The military shall not be allowed to participate in politics. Military personnel may not join political parties.
4. The armed forces of democratic China shall consist of a combination of active-duty and reserve-duty troops, and a combination of conscripts and professional service-persons. The existing armed police force shall be abolished. All provincial military districts, military sub-districts, and county-level departments of armed police shall be abolished. The federal government, provinces and municipalities shall each establish a national defense mobilization agency, responsible for reserve management and training and recruiting of troops, etc. A National Guard shall be established by each province from the abolished armed police force with a reduced size, which shall be responsible for actions such as anti-terrorism, disaster relief, and maintaining social order in the province in peacetime, and obey calls of mobilization from the federal government to enter into military operations in wartime.
5. Formation of the armed forces:
Four military regions, Eastern, Southern, Western, and Northern, shall be established. Land, Sea, Air, Space, and Strategic Rocket Commands shall be established.
A Special Operations Command shall be established, which shall include departments of special warfare, psychological warfare, Internet warfare, and electronic warfare, etc.
The Army shall be organized into 10 army groups, all of which will be stationed along the border. There shall be two army groups each in the Southern and Eastern regions and three army groups each in the Western and Northern regions. The Marines in the Eastern and Southern regions may share certain defense duties. Only the Special Operations Command and airborne troops may be stationed in the hinterland.
The Navy shall consist of the Northern, Eastern, and Southern Fleets and the Aviation Department. It shall have four branches of surface ships, submarines, the Marines, and aviation.
The Air Force shall maintain its current structure with brigade-strength units stationed in each military region.
The Space Force shall be incorporated into the Strategic Rocket Force.
6. Military academies (omitted)
7. Adjustments and reorganization of the People’s Liberation Army
The political organs shall be abolished with the political cadres dismissed. Psychological counselors shall be added to battalion-level units.
A military personnel management committee shall be established to implement the institutional formation of the armed forces in accordance with plans adopted by the democratic government and the Congress.
Management committees on biological, chemical, and nuclear weapons shall be established, which shall be centrally managed by an agency affiliated to the office of the president.
A military assets management committee shall be established.
A weapons and equipment management committee shall be established to centrally manage surplus weapons and equipment after the adjustments of the armed forces.
8. The armed forces of the democratic China shall be named as the National Defense Forces of China.
9. Serving the military
There shall be a combination of conscripts and volunteers with the term of the conscripts being 2 years. Upon completion of the term, based on needs of the armed forces and willingness of the individuals, conscripts may be reenlisted as professional service-persons.
10. Adoption of a military ranking system
The Minister of National Defense shall be a civilian. A military ranking system for the active-duty officers shall be implemented with a total of 10 ranks, Armed Force General, General, Lieutenant General, Major General, Colonel, Lieutenant Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, and Second Lieutenant.
11. On working with the Congress to develop and implement safeguard legislation for veterans
After retiring, military personnel shall be given preferential treatment in terms of living and medical care, which shall be carried out in strict accordance with the law.
12. Size of the armed forces:
The total number of active-duty troops shall be maintained at around 1,300,000, among which 600,000 shall be in the Army; 250,000 each in the Navy and the Air Force; and around 200,000 each in the Space Strategic Rocket Force and the commands at all levels.
The aforementioned are merely a preliminary structure and some ideas, which may serve as stop-gap measures in the process of promoting democratization and during an early stage of the establishment of a democratic institution. After such establishment and upon enactments of laws related to national defense and building of the armed forces, they shall be further revised and improved by due process.
